1931
> Dr. Cornelius Rhoads, under the auspices
of the Rockefeller Institute
> for Medical Investigations, infects human
subjects with cancer cells.
> He later goes on to establish the U.S.
Army Biological Warfare
> facilities in Maryland, Utah, and Panama,
and is named to the U.S.
> Atomic Energy Commission. While there,
he begins a series of
> radiation exposure experiments on American
soldiers and civilian
> hospital patients.
>
> 1932
> The Tuskegee Syphilis Study begins. 200
black men diagnosed with
> syphilis are never told of their illness,
are denied treatment, and
> instead are used as human guinea pigs
in order to follow the
> progression and symptoms of the disease.
They all subsequently die
> from syphilis, their families never told
that they could have been
> treated.
>
> 1935
> The Pellagra Incident. After millions
of individuals die from
> Pellagra over a span of two decades,
the U.S. Public Health Service
> finally acts to stem the disease. The
director of the agency admits
> it had known for at least 20 years that
Pellagra is caused by a
> niacin deficiency but failed to act since
most of the deaths occurred
> within poverty-striken black populations.
>
> 1940
> Four hundred prisoners in Chicago are
infected with Malaria in order
> to study the effects of new and experimental
drugs to combat the
> disease. Nazi doctors later on
trial at Nuremberg cite this American
> study to defend their own actions during
the Holocaust.
>
> 1942
> Chemical Warfare Services begins mustard
gas experiments on
> approximately 4,000 servicemen. The experiments
continue until 1945
> and made use of Seventh Day Adventists
who chose to become human
> guinea pigs rather than serve on active
duty.
>
> 1943
> In response to Japan's full-scale germ
warfare program, the U.S.
> begins research on biological weapons
at Fort Detrick, MD.
>
> 1944
> U.S. Navy uses human subjects to test
gas masks and clothing.
> Individuals were locked in a gas chamber
and exposed to mustard gas
> and lewisite.
>
> 1945
> Project Paperclip is initiated. The U.S.
State Department, Army
> intelligence, and the CIA recruit Nazi
scientists and offer them
> immunity and secret identities in exchange
for work on top secret
> government projects in the United States.
>
> 'Program F' is implemented by the U.S.
Atomic Energy Commission
> (AEC). This is the most extensive U.S.
study of the health effects of
> fluoride, which was the key chemical
component in atomic bomb
> production. One of the most toxic chemicals
known to man, fluoride,
> it is found, causes marked adverse effects
to the central nervous
> system but much of the information is
squelched in the name of
> national security because of fear that
lawsuits would undermine
> full-scale production of atomic bombs.
>
> 1946
> Patients in VA hospitals are used as
guinea pigs for medical
> experiments. In order to allay suspicions,
the order is given to
> change the word 'experiments' to 'investigations'
or 'observations'
> whenever reporting a medical study performed
in one of the nation's
> veteran's hospitals.
>
> 1947
> Colonel E. E. Kirkpatrick of the U.S.
Atomic Energy Commission issues
> a secret document (Document 07075001,
January 8, 1947) stating that
> the agency will begin administering intravenous
doses of radioactive
> substances to human subjects.
>
> The CIA begins its study of LSD as a
potential weapon for use by
> American intelligence. Human subjects
(both civilian and military)
> are used with and without their knowledge.
>
> 1950
> Department of Defense begins plans to
detonate nuclear weapons in
> desert areas and monitor downwind residents
for medical problems and
> mortality rates.
>
> In an experiment to determine how susceptible
an American city would
> be to biological attack, the U.S. Navy
sprays a cloud of bacteria
> from ships over San Francisco. Monitoring
devices are situated
> throughout the city in order to test
the extent of infection. Many
> residents become ill with pneumonia-like
symptoms.
>
> 1951
> Department of Defense begins open air
tests using disease-producing
> bacteria and viruses. Tests last through
1969 and there is concern
> that people in the surrounding areas
have been exposed.
>
> 1953
> U.S. military releases clouds of zinc
cadmium sulfide gas over
> Winnipeg, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Fort
Wayne, the Monocacy River
> Valley in Maryland, and Leesburg, Virginia.
Their intent is to
> determine how efficiently they could
disperse chemical agents.
>
> Joint Army-Navy-CIA experiments are conducted
in which tens of
> thousands of people in New York and San
Francisco are exposed to the
> airborne germs Serratia marcescens and
Bacillus glogigii.
>
> CIA initiates Project MKULTRA. This is
an eleven year research
> program designed to produce and test
drugs and biological agents that
> would be used for mind control and behavior
modification. Six of the
> subprojects involved testing the agents
on unwitting human beings.
>
> 1955
> The CIA, in an experiment to test its
ability to infect human
> populations with biological agents, releases
a bacteria withdrawn
> from the Army's biological warfare arsenal
over Tampa Bay, Fl.
>
> Army Chemical Corps continues LSD research,
studying its potential
> use as a chemical incapacitating agent.
More than 1,000 Americans
> participate in the tests, which continue
until 1958.
>
> 1956
> U.S. military releases mosquitoes infected
with Yellow Fever over
> Savannah, Ga and Avon Park, Fl. Following
each test, Army agents
> posing as public health officials test
victims for effects.
>
> 1958
> LSD is tested on 95 volunteers at the
Army's Chemical Warfare
> Laboratories for its effect on intelligence.
>
> 1960
> The Army Assistant Chief-of-Staff for
Intelligence (ACSI) authorizes
> field testing of LSD in Europe and the
Far East. Testing of the
> European population is code named Project
THIRD CHANCE; testing of
> the Asian population is code named Project
DERBY HAT.
>
> 1965
> Project CIA and Department of Defense
begin Project MKSEARCH, a
> program to develop a capability to manipulate
human behavior through
> the use of mind-altering drugs.
>
> 1965
> Prisoners at the Holmesburg State Prison
in Philadelphia are
> subjected to dioxin, the highly toxic
chemical component of Agent
> Orange used in Viet Nam. The men are
later studied for development of
> cancer, which indicates that Agent Orange
had been a suspected
> carcinogen all along.
>
> 1966
> CIA initiates Project MKOFTEN, a program
to test the toxicological
> effects of certain drugs on humans and
animals.
>
> U.S. Army dispenses Bacillus subtilis
variant niger throughout the
> New York City subway system. More than
a million civilians are
> exposed when army scientists drop lightbulbs
filled with the bacteria
> onto ventilation grates.
>
> 1967
> CIA and Department of Defense implement
Project MKNAOMI, successor to
> MKULTRA and designed to maintain, stockpile
and test biological and
> chemical weapons.
>
> 1968
> CIA experiments with the possibility
of poisoning drinking water by
> injecting chemicals into the water supply
of the FDA in Washington,
> D.C.
>
> 1969
> Dr. Robert MacMahan of the Department
of Defense requests from
> congress $10 million to develop, within
5 to 10 years, a synthetic
> biological agent to which no natural
immunity exists.
>
> 1970
> Funding for the synthetic biological
agent is obtained under H.R.
> 15090. The project, under the supervision
of the CIA, is carried out
> by the Special Operations Division at
Fort Detrick, the army's top
> secret biological weapons facility. Speculation
is raised that
> molecular biology techniques are used
to produce AIDS-like
> retroviruses.
>
> United States intensifies its development
of 'ethnic weapons'
> (Military Review, Nov., 1970), designed
to selectively target and
> eliminate specific ethnic groups who
are susceptible due to genetic
> differences and variations in DNA.
>
> 1975
> The virus section of Fort Detrick's Center
for Biological Warfare
> Research is renamed the Fredrick Cancer
Research Facilities and
> placed under the supervision of the National
Cancer Institute (NCI) .
> It is here that a special virus cancer
program is initiated by the
> U.S. Navy, purportedly to develop cancer-causing
viruses. It is also
> here that retrovirologists isolate a
virus to which no immunity
> exists. It is later named HTLV (Human
T-cell Leukemia Virus).
>
> 1977
> Senate hearings on Health and Scientific
Research confirm that 239
> populated areas had been contaminated
with biological agents between
> 1949 and 1969. Some of the areas included
San Francisco, Washington,
> D.C., Key West, Panama City, Minneapolis,
and St. Louis.
>
> 1978
> Experimental Hepatitis B vaccine trials,
conducted by the CDC, begin
> in New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco.
Ads for research subjects
> specifically ask for promiscuous homosexual
men.
>
> 1981
> First cases of AIDS are confirmed in
homosexual men in New York, Los
> Angeles and San Francisco, triggering
speculation that AIDS may have
> been introduced via the Hepatitis B vaccine
>
> 1985
> According to the journal Science (227:173-177),
HTLV and VISNA, a
> fatal sheep virus, are very similar,
indicating a close taxonomic and
> evolutionary relationship.
>
> 1986
> According to the Proceedings of the National
Academy of
> Sciences(83:4007-4011), HIV and VISNA
are highly similar and share
> all structural elements, except for a
small segment which is nearly
> identical to HTLV. This leads to speculation
that HTLV and VISNA may
> have been linked to produce a new retrovirus
to which no natural
> immunity exists.
>
> A report to Congress reveals that the
U.S. Government's current
> generation of biological agents includes:
modified viruses, naturally
> occurring toxins, and agents that are
altered through genetic
> engineering to change immunological character
and prevent treatment
> by all existing vaccines.
>
> 1987
> Department of Defense admits that, despite
a treaty banning research
> and development of biological agents,
it continues to operate
> research facilities at 127 facilities
and universities around the
> nation.
>
> 1990
> More than 1500 six-month old black and
hispanic babies in Los Angeles
> are given an 'experimental' measles vaccine
that had never been
> licensed for use in the United States.
CDC later admits that parents
> were never informed that the vaccine
being injected to their children
> was experimental.
>
> 1994
> With a technique called 'gene tracking',
Dr. Garth Nicolson at the MD
> Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, TX
discovers that many returning
> Desert Storm veterans are infected with
an altered strain of
> Mycoplasmaincognitus, a microbe commonly
used in the production of
> biological weapons. Incorporated into
its molecular structure is 40
> percent of the HIV protein coat, indicating
that it had been
> man-made.
>
> Senator John D. Rockefeller issues a
report revealing that for at
> least 50 years the Department of Defense
has used hundreds of
> thousands of military personnel in human
experiments and for
> intentional exposure to dangerous substances.
Materials included
> mustard and nerve gas, ionizing radiation,
psychochemicals,
> hallucinogens, and drugs used during
the Gulf War .
>
> 1995
> U.S. Government admits that it had offered
Japanese war criminals and
> scientists who had performed human medical
experiments salaries and
> immunity from prosecution in exchange
for data on biological warfare
> research.
>
> Dr. Garth Nicolson, uncovers evidence
that the biological agents used
> during the Gulf War had been manufactured
in Houston, TX and Boca
> Raton, Fl and tested on prisoners in
the Texas Department of
> Corrections.
>
> 1996
> Department of Defense admits that Desert
Storm soldiers were exposed
> to chemical agents.
>
> 1997
> Eighty-eight members of Congress sign
a letter demanding an
> investigation into bioweapons use &
Gulf War Syndrome.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKULTRA
July 2, 2003
Latest Pentagon Disclosures Just Part of
a Larger Problem
Nearly 6,000 US soliders were exposed to
chemical and biological weapons in a series of experiments code-named "Project
112," "Project SHAD," and "Project Folded Arrow." From 1931 to 1997, hundreds
of thousands of US citizens have been subjected to government chemical
and drug tests — sometimes without their knowledge
On June 30, the Defense Department released
documents on secret tests conducted between 1962 and 1973. On July 1, 2003,
the Associated Press reported that the documents showed the Pentagon "used
potentially dangerous chemical and biological agents in 50 secret tests
involving military personnel in a decade-long project to measure the weapons’
combat capabilities." Some 5,842 servicemembers were exposed to chemical,
biological weapons in a series of experiments code-named "Project 112,"
"Project SHAD," and "Project Folded Arrow."
In a 1968 test called "Blue Tango," two
types of bacteria were released inside a rainforest in Hawaii. Another
test in the same year involved a US submarine that released a cloud of
Bacillus globigii over part of Ohau.
Other tests were conducted at sites in Utah,
Alaska, Maryland, Florida, Georgia, Panama, Canada and Britain.
Rep. Mike Thomapson (D-CA) and several other
representatives have written to Defense Secretary Rumsfeld noting that
"veterans who may have been exposed during these tests deserve to know
all the facts. The Department of Defense’s decision to close its investigation
may unfairly deny them that right."
Unfortunately, this is not an isolated case.
As the following summary from Health News illustrates, the US government
has a long and sad history of conducting secret tests on its citizenry.
A Short History of Secret Government Experiments
on US Citizens
1931 — Dr. Cornelius Rhoads, under the auspices
of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Investigations, infects human
subjects with cancer cells. He later goes on to establish the US Army Biological
Warfare facilities in Maryland, Utah, and Panama, and is named to the US
Atomic Energy Commission. While there, he begins a series of radiation
exposure experiments on American soldiers and civilian hospital patients.
The law below grants unlimited use of all
types of weapons including remote electronic weapons on mass numbers of
U.S. citizens.
U.S. Code available in all libraries TITLE
50 - WAR AND NATIONAL DEFENSE CHAPTER 32 - CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WARFARE
PROGRAM (hidden in back pocket of volume!) Sec. 1520a. Restrictions on
use of human subjects for testing of chemical or biological agents. Where
such activities can be done without the subjects being notified. Also DEPARTMENT
OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH CODE OF FEDERAL
REGULATIONS TITLE 45, PUBLIC WELFARE OFFICE FOR PROTECTION FROM RESEARCH
RISKS PART 46, PROTECTION OF HUMAN SUBJECTS is as extreme! Additionally
portions of statutes from Patriot Act in liaison with Homeland Security
allow for similar abuse!
22 July 2005
NewScientist.com news service
David Hambling
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US Sunshine Project
Bradford Non-Lethal Weapons Research Project
Kirtland Air Force Base
VOLUNTEERS taking part in tests of the Pentagon's
"less-lethal" microwave weapon were banned from wearing glasses or contact
lenses due to safety fears. The precautions raise concerns about how safe
the Active Denial System (ADS) weapon would be if used in real crowd-control
situations.
The ADS fires a 95-gigahertz microwave beam,
which is supposed to heat skin and to cause pain but no physical damage
(New Scientist, 27 October 2001, p 26). Little information about its effects
has been released, but details of tests in 2003 and 2004 were revealed
after Edward Hammond, director of the US Sunshine Project - an organisation
campaigning against the use of biological and non-lethal weapons - requested
them under the Freedom of Information Act.
The tests were carried out at Kirtland Air
Force Base in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Two experiments tested pain tolerance
levels, while in a third, a "limited military utility assessment", volunteers
played the part of rioters or intruders and the ADS was used to drive them
away.
The experimenters banned glasses and contact
lenses to prevent possible eye damage to the subjects, and in the second
and third tests removed any metallic objects such as coins and keys to
stop hot spots being created on the skin. They also checked the volunteers'
clothes for certain seams, buttons and zips which might also cause hot
spots.
The ADS weapon's beam causes pain within 2
to 3 seconds and it becomes intolerable after less than 5 seconds. People's
reflex responses to the pain is expected to force them to move out of the
beam before their skin can be burnt.
But Neil Davison, co-ordinator of the non-lethal
weapons research project at the University of Bradford in the UK, says
controlling the amount of radiation received may not be that simple. "How
do you ensure that the dose doesn't cross the threshold for permanent damage?"
he asks. "What happens if someone in a crowd is unable, for whatever reason,
to move away from the beam? Does the weapon cut out to prevent overexposure?"
During the experiments, people playing rioters
put up their hands when hit and were given a 15-second cooling-down period
before being targeted again. One person suffered a burn in a previous test
when the beam was accidentally used on the wrong power setting.
“What happens if someone is unable to move
away from the beam?”A vehicle-mounted version of ADS called Sheriff could
be in service in Iraq in 2006 according to the Department of Defense, and
it is also being evaluated by the US Department of Energy for use in defending
nuclear facilities. The US marines and police are both working on portable
versions, and the US air force is building a system for controlling riots
from the air. Maybye they will be using the new smart trucks pictured on
the left fo the tranportation of this weapon!!
From issue 2509 of New Scientist magazine,
22 July 2005, page 26
